Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks
====================================

Documentation for sysrq.c

What is the magic SysRq key?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It is a 'magical' key combo you can hit which the kernel will respond to
regardless of whatever else it is doing, unless it is completely locked up.

How do I enable the magic SysRq key?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You need to say "yes" to 'Magic SysRq key (CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ)' when
configuring the kernel. When running a kernel with SysRq compiled in,
/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq controls the functions allowed to be invoked via
the SysRq key. The default value in this file is set by the
CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ_DEFAULT_ENABLE config symbol, which itself defaults
to 1. Here is the list of possible values in /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq:

   -  0 - disable sysrq completely
   -  1 - enable all functions of sysrq
   - >1 - bitmask of allowed sysrq functions (see below for detailed function
     description)::

          2 =   0x2 - enable control of console logging level
          4 =   0x4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
          8 =   0x8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
         16 =  0x10 - enable sync command
         32 =  0x20 - enable remount read-only
         64 =  0x40 - enable signalling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill)
        128 =  0x80 - allow reboot/poweroff
        256 = 0x100 - allow nicing of all RT tasks

You can set the value in the file by the following command::

    echo "number" >/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq

The number may be written here either as decimal or as hexadecimal
with the 0x prefix. CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ_DEFAULT_ENABLE must always be
written in hexadecimal.

Note that the value of ``/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq`` influences only the invocation
via a keyboard. Invocation of any operation via ``/proc/sysrq-trigger`` is
always allowed (by a user with admin privileges).

How do I use the magic SysRq key?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

On x86
	You press the key combo :kbd:`ALT-SysRq-<command key>`.

	.. note::
	   Some
           keyboards may not have a key labeled 'SysRq'. The 'SysRq' key is
           also known as the 'Print Screen' key. Also some keyboards cannot
	   handle so many keys being pressed at the same time, so you might
	   have better luck with press :kbd:`Alt`, press :kbd:`SysRq`,
	   release :kbd:`SysRq`, press :kbd:`<command key>`, release everything.

On SPARC
	You press :kbd:`ALT-STOP-<command key>`, I believe.

On the serial console (PC style standard serial ports only)
        You send a ``BREAK``, then within 5 seconds a command key. Sending
        ``BREAK`` twice is interpreted as a normal BREAK.

On PowerPC
	Press :kbd:`ALT - Print Screen` (or :kbd:`F13`) - :kbd:`<command key>`.
        :kbd:`Print Screen` (or :kbd:`F13`) - :kbd:`<command key>` may suffice.

On other
	If you know of the key combos for other architectures, please
        let me know so I can add them to this section.

On all
	Write a character to /proc/sysrq-trigger.  e.g.::

		echo t > /proc/sysrq-trigger

The :kbd:`<command key>` is case sensitive.

What are the 'command' keys?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

=========== ===================================================================
Command	    Function
=========== ===================================================================
``b``	    Will immediately reboot the system without syncing or unmounting
            your disks.

``c``	    Will perform a system crash by a NULL pointer dereference.
            A crashdump will be taken if configured.

``d``	    Shows all locks that are held.

``e``	    Send a SIGTERM to all processes, except for init.

``f``	    Will call the oom killer to kill a memory hog process, but do not
	    panic if nothing can be killed.

``g``	    Used by kgdb (kernel debugger)

``h``	    Will display help (actually any other key than those listed
            here will display help. but ``h`` is easy to remember :-)

``i``	    Send a SIGKILL to all processes, except for init.

``j``	    Forcibly "Just thaw it" - filesystems frozen by the FIFREEZE ioctl.

``k``	    Secure Access Key (SAK) Kills all programs on the current virtual
            console. NOTE: See important comments below in SAK section.

``l``	    Shows a stack backtrace for all active CPUs.

``m``	    Will dump current memory info to your console.

``n``	    Used to make RT tasks nice-able

``o``	    Will shut your system off (if configured and supported).

``p``	    Will dump the current registers and flags to your console.

``q``	    Will dump per CPU lists of all armed hrtimers (but NOT regular
            timer_list timers) and detailed information about all
            clockevent devices.

``r``	    Turns off keyboard raw mode and sets it to XLATE.

``s``	    Will attempt to sync all mounted filesystems.

``t``	    Will dump a list of current tasks and their information to your
            console.

``u``	    Will attempt to remount all mounted filesystems read-only.

``v``	    Forcefully restores framebuffer console
``v``	    Causes ETM buffer dump [ARM-specific]

``w``	    Dumps tasks that are in uninterruptable (blocked) state.

``x``	    Used by xmon interface on ppc/powerpc platforms.
            Show global PMU Registers on sparc64.
            Dump all TLB entries on MIPS.

``y``	    Show global CPU Registers [SPARC-64 specific]

``z``	    Dump the ftrace buffer

``0``-``9`` Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages
            will be printed to your console. (``0``, for example would make
            it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would
            make it to your console.)
=========== ===================================================================

Okay, so what can I use them for?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Well, unraw(r) is very handy when your X server or a svgalib program crashes.

sak(k) (Secure Access Key) is useful when you want to be sure there is no
trojan program running at console which could grab your password
when you would try to login. It will kill all programs on given console,
thus letting you make sure that the login prompt you see is actually
the one from init, not some trojan program.

.. important::

   In its true form it is not a true SAK like the one in a
   c2 compliant system, and it should not be mistaken as
   such.

It seems others find it useful as (System Attention Key) which is
useful when you want to exit a program that will not let you switch consoles.
(For example, X or a svgalib program.)

``reboot(b)`` is good when you're unable to shut down, it is an equivalent
of pressing the "reset" button.

``crash(c)`` can be used to manually trigger a crashdump when the system is hung.
Note that this just triggers a crash if there is no dump mechanism available.

``sync(s)`` is handy before yanking removable medium or after using a rescue
shell that provides no graceful shutdown -- it will ensure your data is
safely written to the disk. Note that the sync hasn't taken place until you see
the "OK" and "Done" appear on the screen.

``umount(u)`` can be used to mark filesystems as properly unmounted. From the
running system's point of view, they will be remounted read-only. The remount
isn't complete until you see the "OK" and "Done" message appear on the screen.

The loglevels ``0``-``9`` are useful when your console is being flooded with
kernel messages you do not want to see. Selecting ``0`` will prevent all but
the most urgent kernel messages from reaching your console. (They will
still be logged if syslogd/klogd are alive, though.)

``term(e)`` and ``kill(i)`` are useful if you have some sort of runaway process
you are unable to kill any other way, especially if it's spawning other
processes.

"just thaw ``it(j)``" is useful if your system becomes unresponsive due to a
frozen (probably root) filesystem via the FIFREEZE ioctl.

Sometimes SysRq seems to get 'stuck' after using it, what can I do?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

That happens to me, also. I've found that tapping shift, alt, and control
on both sides of the keyboard, and hitting an invalid sysrq sequence again
will fix the problem. (i.e., something like :kbd:`alt-sysrq-z`). Switching to
another virtual console (:kbd:`ALT+Fn`) and then back again should also help.

I hit SysRq, but nothing seems to happen, what's wrong?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There are some keyboards that produce a different keycode for SysRq than the
pre-defined value of 99
(see ``KEY_SYSRQ`` in ``include/uapi/linux/input-event-codes.h``), or
which don't have a SysRq key at all. In these cases, run ``showkey -s`` to find
an appropriate scancode sequence, and use ``setkeycodes <sequence> 99`` to map
this sequence to the usual SysRq code (e.g., ``setkeycodes e05b 99``). It's
probably best to put this command in a boot script. Oh, and by the way, you
exit ``showkey`` by not typing anything for ten seconds.

I want to add SysRQ key events to a module, how does it work?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In order to register a basic function with the table, you must first include
the header ``include/linux/sysrq.h``, this will define everything else you need.
Next, you must create a ``sysrq_key_op`` struct, and populate it with A) the key
handler function you will use, B) a help_msg string, that will print when SysRQ
prints help, and C) an action_msg string, that will print right before your
handler is called. Your handler must conform to the prototype in 'sysrq.h'.

After the ``sysrq_key_op`` is created, you can call the kernel function
``register_sysrq_key(int key, const struct sysrq_key_op *op_p);`` this will
register the operation pointed to by ``op_p`` at table key 'key',
if that slot in the table is blank. At module unload time, you must call
the function ``unregister_sysrq_key(int key, const struct sysrq_key_op *op_p)``,
which will remove the key op pointed to by 'op_p' from the key 'key', if and
only if it is currently registered in that slot. This is in case the slot has
been overwritten since you registered it.

The Magic SysRQ system works by registering key operations against a key op
lookup table, which is defined in 'drivers/tty/sysrq.c'. This key table has
a number of operations registered into it at compile time, but is mutable,
and 2 functions are exported for interface to it::

	register_sysrq_key and unregister_sysrq_key.

Of course, never ever leave an invalid pointer in the table. I.e., when
your module that called register_sysrq_key() exits, it must call
unregister_sysrq_key() to clean up the sysrq key table entry that it used.
Null pointers in the table are always safe. :)

If for some reason you feel the need to call the handle_sysrq function from
within a function called by handle_sysrq, you must be aware that you are in
a lock (you are also in an interrupt handler, which means don't sleep!), so
you must call ``__handle_sysrq_nolock`` instead.

When I hit a SysRq key combination only the header appears on the console?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Sysrq output is subject to the same console loglevel control as all
other console output.  This means that if the kernel was booted 'quiet'
as is common on distro kernels the output may not appear on the actual
console, even though it will appear in the dmesg buffer, and be accessible
via the dmesg command and to the consumers of ``/proc/kmsg``.  As a specific
exception the header line from the sysrq command is passed to all console
consumers as if the current loglevel was maximum.  If only the header
is emitted it is almost certain that the kernel loglevel is too low.
Should you require the output on the console channel then you will need
to temporarily up the console loglevel using :kbd:`alt-sysrq-8` or::

    echo 8 > /proc/sysrq-trigger

Remember to return the loglevel to normal after triggering the sysrq
command you are interested in.

I have more questions, who can I ask?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Just ask them on the linux-kernel mailing list:
	linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org

Credits
~~~~~~~

- Written by Mydraal <vulpyne@vulpyne.net>
- Updated by Adam Sulmicki <adam@cfar.umd.edu>
- Updated by Jeremy M. Dolan <jmd@turbogeek.org> 2001/01/28 10:15:59
- Added to by Crutcher Dunnavant <crutcher+kernel@datastacks.com>
